The results showed that the carbon footprints of white and red wines are comparable. This study aimed to investigate what are the key factors affecting the carbon footprint of red and white wine production in South European countries with the same climatic conditions, and benchmark both wine types. So far, environmental life cycle assessment studies show variability in the system boundaries design and functional unit selection, and review papers do not include life cycle inventory data, and consider vineyards in various locations worldwide. The carbon footprint is a worldwide-standardized indicator that both wine producers and consumers perceive as the most important environmental indicator. The European Union aims to complement the consumer’s choice for wine with information about environmental sustainability. The largest wine producers globally are located in Southern Europe and climate is a major factor in wine production. Clusters included: Energy, circular economy, industry, building, mobility, food, biodiversity and pollution. These cover a variety of topics from social sciences, engineering, agriculture, sciences and natural sciences. The bibliometric analysis enabled the identification of eight thematic areas of international research undertaken in relation to the European Green Deal.
The bibliometric analysis allowed identifying eight thematic clusters and linking them to the eight areas of the European Green Deal strategy. In total, 641 publication records were qualified for analysis. Research query included (TITLE-ABS-KEY ("EU" OR europ*) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY ("green deal")) in the case of Scopus and TS = ("EU" OR europ*) AND "green deal") in the case of Web of Science. The systematic literature review aimed to identify, integrate and evaluate research on the selected topic based on clearly defined criteria. A systematic literature review was based on bibliometric analysis and focused on articles in Scopus and Web of Science databases. The article provided a classification of scientific research relating to European Green Deal (EGD) issues to assess their compatibility with areas identified in the EGD strategy document and identify emerging future research directions. We believe that the long-overdue partnership between biotechnology and organic agriculture is fundamental for the mitigation of food insecurity and is the only way forward to a truly sustainable agriculture (World Hunger Clock, 2021). It should be embraced by the adepts of organic agriculture. The CRISPR genome editing technology is not only equivalent to traditional breeding technique but actually much more controlled and faster. It is easy to implement, affordable, and, if regulatory hurdles are not unfeasible, its derived seeds will be viable for small family farmers, the basis of organic agriculture. But the ultimate winner will be the general population, who will have access to food products that are nutritional, safe, and produced in a sustainable fashion.ĬRISPR technology provides the perfect opportunity for this partnership to happen. If biotechnology and organic agriculture become partners, both will benefit. There is an urgent need to provide mechanisms so that scientific and technological knowledge is available to all, including the organic farmers and consumers who could benefit significantly from the application of the newest genome-editing technologies to crop improvement.
Consumer health benefits need to be made known to the public to dispel skepticism related to biotechnology. The researchers also emphasized that debates over modern foods should be based on scientific evidence rather than emotions. Thus, genetically edited foods need to be treated as traditional foods, and food security needs to be prioritized over the methods by which genetic modification/edition traits and properties were incorporated. To cite one of the many statements around the safety of products from modern biotechnology and their potential to help in SDG and overcome environmental problems, a recent study in Spain (Vega Rodríguez et al., 2022) showed that GMOs can serve as nutraceuticals and edible vaccines without the need for broad-scale industrial facilities for production. This situation represents a true predicament for the advancement of organic farming (Husaini and Sohail 2018). 30 years later, despite growing scientific evidence that GMOs are as safe as conventional crops–and in fact can bring important benefits for food security and the environment–they remain rejected by organic regulations. In the 1980’s, the first transgenic tobacco, maize, and wheat plants appeared in the United States, and in 1994, the first GM food (the Flavr Savr™ tomato) arrived in American supermarkets (Kramer and Redenbaugh 1994). Forty years after the first GM product came on the market (human insulin produced in bacteria Itakura et al., 1977), the discussion about the safety of GMOs still reverberates.
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